![]() Features and limitations FeaturesĪlthough a chatbot's core function is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is versatile. Wikipedia was also one of the sources of ChatGPT's training data. ĬhatGPT's training data includes software manual pages, information about internet phenomena such as bulletin board systems, and multiple programming languages. Users can upvote or downvote responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text field with additional feedback. OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further. TrendForce market intelligence estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately $10,000–$15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023. Scientists at the University of California, Riverside, estimate that a series of prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately 500 milliliters of water for Microsoft servers cooling. Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft dramatically upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023. ĬhatGPT initially used a Microsoft Azure supercomputing infrastructure, powered by Nvidia GPUs, that Microsoft built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost "hundreds of millions of dollars". ![]() OpenAI's outsourcing partner was Sama, a training-data company based in San Francisco, California. The outsourced laborers were exposed to "toxic" and traumatic content one worker described the assignment as "torture". These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. Time magazine revealed that, to build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism), OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers earning less than $2 per hour to label harmful content. These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of Proximal Policy Optimization. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses that the model had created in a previous conversation. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers played both sides: the user and the AI assistant. Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performance. The fine-tuning process leveraged supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). TrainingĬhatGPT is based on particular GPT foundation models, namely GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, that were fine-tuned to target conversational usage. ![]() It allows users on its free tier to access the GPT-3.5-based version, while the more advanced GPT-4-based version and priority access to newer features are provided to paid subscribers under the commercial name " ChatGPT Plus".ĬhatGPT is credited with starting the AI boom, which has led to ongoing rapid and unprecedented development in the field of artificial intelligence. ChatGPT was released as a freely available research preview, but due to its popularity, OpenAI now operates the service on a freemium model. ĬhatGPT is built upon either GPT-3.5 or GPT-4, both of which are members of OpenAI's proprietary series of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) models, based on the transformer architecture developed by Google -and is fine-tuned for conversational applications using a combination of supervised learning and reinforcement learning. Some observers raised concern about the potential of ChatGPT and similar programs to displace or atrophy human intelligence, enable plagiarism, or fuel misinformation. Microsoft launched Copilot, based on OpenAI's GPT-4. ChatGPT's release spurred the development of competing products, including Gemini, Ernie Bot, LLaMA, Claude, and Grok. īy January 2023, it had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users and contributing to the growth of OpenAI's valuation to $29 billion. Successive prompts and replies, known as prompt engineering, are considered at each conversation stage as a context. Based on a large language model, it enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. ChatGPT ( Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched on November 30, 2022.
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